Subgroup | Series name | Percentage | WRB 2006 link |
---|---|---|---|
3.42 | WANTAGE | 40% | Rendzic Leptosols |
3.45 | BURWELL | 20% | Calcaric Gleyic Endoleptic Regosols |
5.11 | SWAFFHAM PRIOR | 5% | Calcaric Endoleptic Cambisols |
3 |
Shallow lime-rich soils over chalk or limestone |
This association contains well drained, shallow, calcareous, loamy and locally clayey soils, as well as similar occasionally waterlogged soils, on the footslopes of the Chalk escarpment. It covers 139 kmĀ², mainly in Cambridgeshire, on a line from near Luton to north of Newmarket. The soils are formed in chalk rubble or chalky drift overlying impermeable argillaceous Lower Chalk and harder chalk above. The height ranges from about 60 m to 80 m O.D. in Bedfordshire to 15 m to 30 m O.D. near Newmarket. Springs rise from the top of the Lower Chalk so small streams or ditches often cross the lowest ground. Wantage series, (grey rendzinas) and Burwell series, (gleyic rendzinas), both contain 60-70 per cent calcium carbonate in the topsoil which is thus greyish in colour . The well drained Wantage soils pass downwards to soft chalk within 45 cm depth, and Burwell soils pass to soft but impervious argillaceous chalk at a similar depth and show some yellow mottling, an indication of occasional winter waterlogging. Swaffham Prior soils, typical brown calcareous earths, are deeper, slightly flinty and usually have 20-40 per cent calcium carbonate in the upper layers. The topsoil and subsoil are brown and are coarse loamy. Thin white chalky drift passing downwards into rubbly chalk is usually encountered at between 40 and 80 cm depth. The Wantage series covers nearly half the land, Burwell and Swaffham Prior series each about a sixth. Other associated soils include well-drained fine loamy Soham and fine silty Coombe soils which are moderately deep over chalk rubble or chalky drift. Block series, also moderately deep fine loamy soils on chalky drift are on relatively flat sites and suffer occasional waterlogging. Lode series resembles Burwell series but is clayey, glauconitic, and rather less calcareous. There are also some very shallow stony soils of the Upton series with chalk at less than 30 cm depth.
Wantage soils are usually found on level or gently sloping ground. Small included patches of Upton soils occur on higher ground on harder chalk. The deeper brown earths of the Swaffham Prior, Soham and Coombe series also tend to occur on the higher ground where chalky drift is commonly found. Burwell soils are most common near streams or ditches, where they are associated with Block soils. Wantage and Burwell series are fine loamy with a considerable silt content. Similar but clayey soils are found around Hitchin where they are associated with the seasonally waterlogged Lode series which contain glauconite grains from the Cambridge Greensand. Striped patterned ground caused by the varying depth to chalky drift occurs locally.
Except for the Lode series and the moderately permeable Burwell and Block series, the soils are permeable and well drained (Wetness Class I). Burwell and Block soils are waterlogged for short periods in winter (Wetness Class II after drainage) mainly because they are on receiving sites. Lode soils are seasonally waterlogged (Wetness Class III after drainage) because of the slow permeability of the clay subsoil. Wantage and Swaffham Prior soils have a moderate to large waterholding capacity and in the dry climate are slightly droughty for most crops in a normal year, but moderately to very droughty for grass, as too are Block soils where they are efficiently drained. Soham and Coombe series hold rather larger amounts of water available to plants but are nevertheless slightly droughty.
The well drained soils that form the greater part of this association are easily worked and allow access to land under good working conditions for long periods in the autumn and spring. In winter the land can be cultivated two or three days after rain. Because of groundwater, Burwell and Block series are slightly less flexible to manage. Lode series and similar clayey soils around Hitchin are less accessible in winter and although there are ample opportunities for autumn cultivation landwork is restricted in wet springs. The association includes the so-called whitelands around Cambridge which were traditionally sown to spring barley for malting. However, with the general increase in tractor size and the suitability of the soils for the sowing of large autumn acreages after minimum tillage, the principal cereals are now autumn-sown barley and wheat in about equal proportions. Commonly, two or three years of winter cereals are interspersed with beans or peas and spring barley. Some sugar beet is grown especially in the deeper soils of the Swafffiam Prior series but it is not a suitable crop for the Lode and similar clayey soils in Bedfordshire where cereals are dominant.
Note that the yellow shading represents a buffer to highlight the location of very small areas of the association.
Eastern Region
Eastern Region
Eastern Region
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Citation: To use information from this web resource in your work, please cite this as follows:
Cranfield University 2024. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 10/10/2024
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